Полезные приемы для передачи чужих слов. Reporting what others say

Передача информации посредством косвенной речи на иностранном языке один из основных показателей вашей исключительной эрудиции и образованности. Существует действительно огромное количество вариантов, как донести высказывание говорящего, не прибегая к прямой речи и банальному say. Вы сможете не только разнообразить свою речь, но и придать ей тонкий эмоциональный окрас: добавить нотки гнева, радости, уверенности или же разочарования.

Для передачи косвенной речи существует множество вариантов. В данной статье мы уделим особое внимание глаголам. Обратите внимание: мало знать слово (здесь: глагол) и его перевод, следует также обратить внимание на конструкцию, которая с ним употребляется. Собранная информация была систематизирована и подана в виде таблицы для лучшего запоминания. Итак, давайте ознакомимся.

В данной таблице мы выделяем пять основных моделей / схем передачи косвенной речи (Patterns) посредством глаголов. В первой колонке стоит непосредственно сам глагол, во второй – перевод его на русский язык, далее – пример прямой речи, и в последней колонке – вариант передачи реплики говорящего посредством упомянутого глагола. Следует также обратить внимание, что в некоторых схемах присутствуют «квадратные скобки» — […]. Это значит, что элемент не является обязательным. Таблица составлена таким образом, что вы можете самостоятельно проверять, насколько хорошо усвоен вами материал, например, повторять перевод глаголов, закрыв первую колонку, попытаться передать прямую речь посредством косвенной, закрыв последнюю колонку и т. д. Теперь приступим непосредственно к нашей таблице:

Reporting Verbs

Introductory Verb	Translation	Direct Speech	Reported Speech
Pattern 1 — Verb + that-clause
Verb + [that]
agree	соглашаться	“Ok, I was wrong.”	He agreed that he had been wrong.
claim	заявлять	“I saw the UFO.”	He claimed that he had seen the UFO.
complain	жаловаться	“You never share any secrets with me!”	She complained that I never share any secrets with her.
admit	признавать	“I was really unfriendly to him.”	She admitted that she had been unfriendly to him.
deny	отрицать	“I didn’t break your favourite cup!”	He denied that he had broken the cup.
exclaim	воскликнуть	“I am so happy!”	She exclaimed that she was very happy.
explain	объяснить	“You see, there’s no point in going there right now.”	He explained that there was no point in going there at that very moment.
recommend	советовать	“You’d better stay at home.”	She recommended that we stayed at home.
prove	доказывать	“See, the system works.”	He proved that the system worked.
insist	настаивать	“You do need to be present at the meeting.”	They insisted that I need to be present at the meeting.
regret	сожалеть	“If only I could go on a vacation this year.”	She regrets that she can’t go on a vacation this year.
state	утверждать	“I have never seen the young man before.”	The witness stated that she had never seen the young man before.
promise	обещать	“I will be back no later than eight o’clock.”	Dad promised that he would be back no later than eight o’clock.
suggest	предлагать	“Shall we spend the evening together?”	He suggested that they spent the evening together.
assert	утверждать	“Nuclear power is a safe and non-polluting kind of energy.”	The scientists asserted that nuclear power is a safe and non-polluting kind of energy.
contend	заявлять	“The Earth may be much younger than previously thought.”	Some astronomers contend that the Earth may be much younger than previously thought.
maintain	подтверждать	“The new economic reforms may lead to a new crisis in the country.”	Financial analysts maintain that the new economic reforms may lead to a new crisis in the country.
declare	объявлять	“Brown’s case should be reviewed.”	The court declared that Brown’s case should be reviewed.
imply	подразумевать	“I am angry no more”, she grinned.	Her grin implied that she was still angry.
observe	заметить	“He was driving at the speed over 90 miles per hour.”	The officer observed that he was driving over 90 miles per hour.
note	отметить	“As far as I can see, you have no previous criminal record.”	The judge noted that the defendant had no previous criminal record.
comment	комментировать	“Your friend’s behavior is absolutely outrageous.”	Dad commented that his daughter’s friend’s behavior was absolutely outrageous.
point out	обращать внимание	“It is very important to earn enough to be independent.”	She pointed out that it is very important to earn enough to be independent.
Verb + object + [that]
inform smb.	сообщать кому-то	“You will be interviewed on Thursday.”	The manager informed me that I will be interviewed on Thursday.
warn smb.	предупреждать кого-то	“This is a very dangerous liquid.”	Dad warned the son that the liquid was very dangerous.
persuade smb.	убеждать кого-то	“Do buy that jacket! It’s gorgeous.”	She persuaded her friend to buy the jacket.
tell smb.	говорить кому-то	“I spent the whole weekend working on my thesis.”	He told us that he had spent the whole weekend working on his thesis.
advise smb.	советовать кому-то	“You should visit your grandparents more often.”	The neighbour advised her that she should visit her grandparents more often.
remind smb.	напоминать кому-то	“Don’t forget to take away the suit from the dry-cleaner’s.”	Mrs. Evans reminded him that he should take away the suit from the dry-cleaner’s.
Pattern 2 — Verb + Infinitive
Verb + [not] + to-inf
agree	соглашаться	“Ok, I will help you with the test. ”	He agreed to help her with the test.
demand	требовать	“Do give the money I paid back to me!”	He demanded to give the money he had paid back to him.
offer	предлагать	“Shall I make some coffee for you?”	He offered to make some coffee for us.
decide	решать	“I will go to Germany next year.”	She decided to go to Germany next year.
promise	обещать	“I won’t be late.”	He promised not to be late.
refuse	отказываться	“I won’t accompany you to the party.”	He refused to accompany her to the party.
threaten	угрожать	“Unless you leave, I’ll call the police.”	She threatened to call the police unless he left.
claim	заявлять	“I am a vegetarian.”	She claimed to be a vegetarian.
Verb + sb + [not] + to-inf
advise	советовать	“You should sleep more.”	The doctor advised him to sleep more.
allow	позволять	“You may go out.”	The teacher allowed the pupil to go out.
ask	просить	“Please let me know when the dinner’s ready.”	He asked her to let him know when the dinner would be ready.
beg	умолять	“Please do stay with me.”	He begged her to stay with him.
command	приказать	“Turn to the left and go straight ahead.”	He commanded him to turn to the left and go straight ahead.
encourage	приободрять; поддерживать	“Come on! Call him!”	The friend encouraged her to call him.
forbid	запрещать	“Don’t touch the dog!”	Mother forbade her little son to touch the dog.
recommend	советовать	“You should change the password immediately.”	He recommended her to change the password immediately.
instruct	инструктировать; распоряжаться	“Mix the eggs with some sugar.”	She instructed him to mix the eggs with some sugar.
invite	приглашать	“Come to see us on Saturday.”	They invited us to come on Saturday.
order	распоряжаться	“Come on in and sit down.”	He ordered the boy to come in and sit down.
permit	позволять	“You may smoke here if you like.”	She permitted him to smoke there.
persuade	убеждать	“Let’s go out somewhere for a drink.”	He persuaded Charles to go out somewhere for a drink.
remind	напоминать	“Don’t forget to put the oven mittens on.”	Mom reminded me to put the oven mittens on.
urge	побуждать; подгонять	“Please do get in touch as soon as you can.”	Susan urged them to get in touch.
tell	говорить	“Close the window, it’s too cold in here.”	She told him to close the window as it was too cold in there.
warn	предупреждать	“Don’t touch the boiling kettle.”	She warned the kid not to touch the boiling kettle.
want	хотеть	“Don’t tell Mary about that.”	She didn’t want Mary to know that.
Pattern 3 — Verb + Gerund
Verb + [not] + gerund
deny	отрицать	“I didn’t steal the necklace.”	He denied having stolen the necklace.
admit	признавать	“It was me who broke the machine.”	He admitted having broken the machine.
recommend	советовать	“You should drink more water.”	The doctor recommended drinking more water.
suggest	предлагать	“Let’s go to Greece in summer.”	Mike suggested going to Greece in summer.
regret	сожалеть	“I am sorry I waste so much time on computer games.”	He regrets wasting so much time on computer games.
advise	советовать	“Drink a glass of water every time before meals.”	The nutritionist advises drinking a glass of water every time before meals.
Verb + preposition + [not] + gerund
apologise for	извиняться за	“I am sorry I can’t spend enough time with our family.”	He apologized for not spending enough time with the family.
admit to	признаваться в	“It was me who broke the window.”	The boy admitted to having broken the window.
boast about	хвастаться чем-то	“I am the senior manager of the company.”	She boasted about being the senior manager of the company.
object to	возражать	“I won’t rewrite the article.”	He objected to rewriting the article.
insist on	настаивать на	“It’s very advisable for you to see the new movie.”	He insisted on seeing the new movie.
Verb + object + preposition + [not] + gerund
accuse smb. of	обвинять кого-то в чем-то	“It was he who killed John.”	The witness accused him of having killed John.
complain to smb. about	жаловаться кому-то на что-то	“I am so sick and tired of this boring project.”	Leo complained to his brother about being sick and tired with that boring project.
criticise smb. for	критиковать кого-то за что-то	“You are always so inattentive.”	She criticized her daughter for being always inattentive.
blame smb. for	винить кого-то в чем-то	“You are absolutely heartless.”	She blamed him for being absolutely heartless.
congratulate smb. on	поздравлять кого-то с чем-то	“Our best wishes for the baby boy!”	They congratulated her on having a son.
praise smb. for	хвалить кого-то за что-то	“You are so courageous!”	The mayor praised the rescue team for being very courageous.
suspect smb. of	подозревать кого-то в чем-то	“Have you told her my secret?”	Jane suspected Ann of having told her secret.
Pattern 4 — Verb + object
describe	описывать	“The nature is really gorgeous there.”	She described the beauty of the nature there.
emphasize	подчеркивать; делать ударение	“It is an extremely important issue.”	The colonel emphasized the importance of the issue.
highlight	выделять; освещать	“Here’s the plan for the conference.”	The chief highlighted the plan for the conference.
stress	подчеркивать	“This is a very awkward situation.”	He stressed the awkwardness of the situation.
prove	доказывать	“See, I told you it was all his guilt.”	She proved his guilt.
mention	упоминать	“By the way, she’s Lisa.”	He mentioned her name, Lisa.
put forward	предлагать; продвигать	“We’ve got a number of suggestions.”	They put forward a number of suggestions.
propose	предлагать	“Let’s do it that way…”	He proposed his solution.
question	подвергать сомнению	“I am not sure whether we can trust him.”	Jack questioned the man’s reliability.
cast doubt on	ставить под сомнение	“I am not quite sure he is a good professional.”	We cast doubt on his professionalism.
Pattern 5 — Reported Questions
wonder what / why / how / where + clause (when the subject of the introductory verb is not the same as the subject in the indirect question)	удивиться; желать знать	He asked himself, “How old is she?” She asked herself, “Where have I left my purse?” He asked himself, “Why did she leave me?” He asked himself, “What is the point of calling her?”	He wondered how old she was. She wondered where she had left her purse. He wondered why she had left him. He wondered what the point of calling her was.
wonder whether + to-inf or clause wonder where / what / how + to-inf (when the subject of the infinitive is the same as the subject of the verb)	интересоваться; удивляться; желать знать	She asked herself, “Shall I forgive him?” He asked himself, “Where shall I stay for a night?” She asked herself, “What shall I do now?” He asked himself, “How shall I ask her to give me another chance?”	She wondered whether to respond him. / She wondered whether she should respond him. He wondered where to stay for a night. She wondered what to do then. He wondered how to ask her for another chance.

С первого раза запомнить все возможные варианты передачи косвенной речи нелегко. Поставьте себе цель: каждый день по пять глаголов. Запомните само слово, его перевод и пример употребления. Составьте парочку собственных предложений с данным глаголом, полистайте художественную литературу и подумайте, как можно передать прямую речь героя с помощью выше перечисленных в таблице слов. Приложите некоторые усилия и будьте уверены – всё получится! Успехов!

Чтобы проверить, насколько хорошо вы усвоили материал, пройдите следующий тест: